Abscesos renales bilaterales multifocales por Candida albicans / Bilateral multifocal kidney abscess due to Candida al bicans

Resumen Los abscesos renales son una complicación poco frecuente de las infecciones del tracto urinario y suelen asociarse con un aumento de la morbi-mortalidad. La mayoría de los casos ocurre en pacientes con factores predisponentes como la inmunosupresión. El diagnóstico requiere de una elevada sospecha clínica y el trata miento consiste en el uso de antibióticos y antifúngicos parenterales asociados o no a intervenciones quirúrgicas como nefrostomía y nefrectomía. Son pocos los casos publicados en la literatura médi ca de abscesos renales bilaterales multifocales y menos aún por Candida albicans. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 20 años de edad con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 diagnosticada a los 8 años, múltiples internaciones por cetoacidosis diabética y reciente internación por can didemia (Candida albicans) completando tratamiento con fluconazol por 23 días. A los 18 días de su externación, consulta por dolor en flancos de tipo sordo y síntomas ge nerales; se realizó tomografía de abdomen con contraste que mostró abscesos multifocales bilaterales. Aislándose Candida albicans en una de las muestras obtenidas de las lesiones; recibió tratamiento con fluconazol 400 mg por 6 semanas endovenoso y 2 semanas vía enteral, evolu cionando favorablemente con mejoría clínica e image nológica continuando seguimiento clínico ambulatorio. Este reporte resalta la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta complicación infrecuente en enfer medades complejas como la diabetes.

Abstract Renal abscesses are a rare complication of urinary tract infections and may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Most cases occur in patients with predisposing factors such as immunosuppression. Diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion and its treat ment consists in the use of parenteral antibiotics and antifungals associated or not with surgical interventions such as nephrostomy and nephrectomy. Few cases have been published in the medical literature of multifocal bilateral renal abscesses and even fewer due to Candida albicans. We present the case of a 20-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus, diagnosed at age 8, multiple hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis, and recent hospitalization for candidemia (Candida albicans) treated with fluconazole for 23 days. Eighteen days after her discharge, she consulted for dull flank pain and gen eral symptoms. Contrast enhanced abdominal tomography showed bilateral multifocal abscesses and Candida albicans was isolated in one of the samples obtained from lesions. She received fluconazole 400 mg, 6 weeks i.v. and 2 weeks via enteral route, evolving favorably with clinical and imag ing improvement, continuing outpatient clinical monitoring. This report highlights the importance of diagnosis and treatment of this rare complication in complex diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

Desenvolvimento de metodologia para identificação de fungos através de metabarcoding aplicada em amostras humanas de adenocarcinoma gástrico e carcinoma epidermoide de pênis / Development of methodology for fungi identification through metabarcoding applied in gastric adenocarcinoma and penile epidermoid carcinoma of human sample

O microbioma humano compreende material genético da microbiota de um local do corpo e tem influência direta ou indireta na manutenção da homeostase. O distúrbio da microbiota pode estar relacionado ao desenvolvimento de doenças. A população fúngica ainda é muito pouco estudada no contexto do microbioma. No presente estudo, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para identificação de fungos por metabarcoding. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada em mostras de pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma gástrico ou carcinoma epidermoide de pênis. De modo geral, em ambos os tumores foi verificada a redução de diversidade fúngica conforme a evolução do estadiamento patológico. Também foram verificados resultados não concordantes ao analisar espécies diferencialmente abundantes em dados de sequenciamento da região ITS2 e de WGS nas amostras de lavado gástrico. Este trabalho reforça a importância em se estudar os fungos e sua associação com doenças como o câncer e incentiva próximos estudos através do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia específica para o micobioma.

The human microbiome comprises genetic material from the microbiota of a body site and has a direct or indirect influence on the maintenance of homeostasis. The disturbance of the microbiota may be related to the development of diseases. The fungal population is still very little studied in the context of the microbiome. In this study, a methodology was developed to identify fungi by metabarcoding. The methodology developed was applied to samples from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. In general, in both tumors, a reduction in fungal diversity was observed according to the evolution of the pathological staging. Discordant results were also found when analyzing differentially abundant species in sequencing data from the ITS2 region and WGS in gastric lavage samples. This work reinforces the importance of studying fungi and their association with diseases such as cancer and encourages further studies through the development of a specific methodology for the mycobiome

Micobioma: diversidad fúngica en el cuerpo humano / Mycobiome: Fungal diversity in human body

Resumen Introducción: los hongos hacen parte de los microorganismos que se encuentran en el ser humano y que interactúan con bacterias, virus y archaeas. El equilibrio inter e intra-especies es importante para mantener la salud en los seres humanos. La mayoría de los estudios sobre el micobioma se han relacionado con estados de enfermedad causados por hongos, siendo de relevancia la exploración de las comunidades comensales en individuos sanos. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus y Google Scholar, usando los términos mycobiome, intestinal fungi, skin mycobiome, vaginal mycobiome, fungal microbiome. Se incluyeron artículos desde 1996 hasta 2020, de revisión y de resultados de investigación en todos los idiomas. Resultados y discusión: existe variabilidad en las comunidades fúngicas en los sitios corporales según sus características intrínsecas y la relación con el medio ambiente. El estado de salud en los seres humanos puede estar influenciado por la densidad y diversidad fúngica, a diferencia de los individuos enfermos en quienes se evidencia una disminución en la diversidad y que se asocia con el oportunismo de agentes patógenos.

Abstract Introduction: Fungi are part of the microorganisms that are found in humans and interact with bacteria, viruses and archaeas. The balance inter and intra-species is important to maintain health in humans. Most studies on mycobiota have been related to disease states caused by fungi, the exploration of commensal communities in healthy individuals being relevant. Methods: literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar, using the terms: mycobiome, intestinal fungi, skin mycobiome, vaginal mycobiome, fungal microbiome. Articles from 1996 to 2020, review and research results in all languages were included in this review. Results: Variability in fungal communities is determinated according to body site characteristics and the contact with the environment. Health status in humans can be influenced by fungal density and diversity, unlike sick individuals where there is evidence of a decrease in diversity and that is associated with the opportunism of pathogens.

Toxicity of ß-(1→3, 1→6)-á´ -glucans produced by Diaporthe sp. endophytes on Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin assessed by conidia germination speed parameter / Toxicidade de ß- (1 → 3, 1 → 6) -á´ -glucanas produzidas por endófitos Diaporthe sp. sobre Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin avaliada pelo parâmetro de velocidade de germinação dos conídios

We have previously reported that ß-(1→3,1→6)-ᴅ-glucans produced by endophytes Diaporthe sp. G27-60 and G65-65 (GenBank accession codes JF766998 and JF767007, respectively) are promising anti-proliferation agents against human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2-C3A) cells. However, the literature fails to describe the effects of Diaporthe exopolysaccharides (EPS) on eukaryotic healthy cells. The fungus Metarhiziumanisopliae has been employed as model-system to evaluate the toxicity of pharmaceutical and agricultural-interest substances, taking into account, among other parameters, the speed of conidia germination. Current study verified the effect of different concentrations of Diaporthe ß-glucans on the germination speed of M. anisopliae. Conidia were incubated with ß-glucans treatments (50, 200 and 400 µg/mL) at 28ºC, sampled during 24 h and analyzed by light microscopy. At the end of a 24-h incubation, the amount of germinated conidia reached ≈99% for controls and ranged between 97.7 and 98.6% for treatments. Bayesian analysis indicated that Diaporthe glucans had no toxicity on M. anisopliaeand the curve of germination occurred as expected for this fungal strain. Considering the validity of filamentous fungi as model-systems, results are important data on the toxicity of endophytic EPS on healthy cells and may be associated with our previous results obtained for these polymers against tumor cells.

Anteriormente, um estudo mostrou que ß-(1→3,1→6)-ᴅ-glucanas produzidas pelos endófitos Diaporthe sp. G27-60 e G65-65 (códigos de acesso no GenBank JF766998 e JF767007, respectivamente) são agentes promissores com ação antiproliferativa contra células HepG2-C3A (hepatoma humano) e MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma mamário humano). No entanto, os efeitos de exopolissacarídeos (EPS) produzidos por fungos do gênero Diaporthe em células eucarióticas sadias não estão descritos na literatura atual. O fungo Metarhiziumanisopliae tem sido utilizado como sistema-modelo para avaliar a toxicidade de substâncias de interesse farmacêutico e agronômico, considerando, entre outros parâmetros, a velocidade de germinação de conídios. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de ß-glucanas produzidas por Diaporthe sp. sobre a velocidade de germinação de M. anisopliae. Os conídios foram incubados com os tratamentos de ß-glucanas (50, 200 e 400 µg/mL) a 28 ºC, com amostras coletadas ao longo de 24 h, e analisados por microscopia de luz. Ao final das 24 h de incubação, o total de conídios germinados nos controles foi de ≈99%, e variou entre 97,7 e 98,6% para os tratamentos. A análise bayesiana indicou que as glucanas de Diaporthe sp. não apresentaram toxicidade sobre M. anisopliae, e a curva de germinação atendeu ao esperado para essa linhagem fúngica. Considerando a validade dos fungos filamentosos como sistemas-modelo, esses resultados representam dados importantes sobre a toxicidade dos EPS de endófitos sobre células sadias e podem ser associados aos resultados anteriormente obtidos para esses polímeros em testes contra células tumorais.

Mucormicosis rino-órbito-cerebral crónica: una patología poco frecuente / Chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: an uncommon pathology

Resumen La mucormicosis rino-órbito-cerebral (ROC) crónica es una patología poco frecuente, con un número reducido de casos publicados en la literatura, cuyas manifestaciones son muy diversas e inespecíficas. El tratamiento se basa en la experiencia de casos y series de casos. Las herramientas terapéuticas incluyen el uso de antifúngicos endovenosos y orales por tiempo prolongado, asociado o no a debridamiento quirúrgico amplio, pudiendo requerir incluso exenteración orbitaria. Presentamos a continuación un caso de mucormicosis ROC crónica, junto con las dificultades para su diagnóstico y manejo, en el que destaca el enfrentamiento multidisciplinario. Dada la poca frecuencia de esta enfermedad, nos parece relevante difundirlo.

Abstract Chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is a rare condition with a small number of cases that have been published, whose manifestations are very diverse and nonspecific. The treatment is based on case series experiences. Therapeutic options include the use of long-term intravenous and oral antifungals, associated or not with extensive surgical debridement, and may even require orbital exenteration. We present below a case of chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis with the challenge of diagnosis and management in which multidisciplinary work is fundamental. Since it is an uncommon pathology, it seems relevant to share the information.

Evaluación del consorcio entre Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor y bacterias aeróbicas para remoción de colorantes sintéticos / Evaluation of the consortium between Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor and aerobic bacteria for removal of synthetic dye

RESUMEN Los residuos líquidos producidos al elaborar tinciones biológicas contienen mezclas de compuestos químicos y microorganismos, que generan un elevado impacto ambiental si no son tratados adecuadamente. Por esta razón, en el presente trabajo se evaluaron a Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, Enterobacter xianfangensis, Pseudomonas azotoformans, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis y Pseudomonas fluorescens, para el tratamiento de un residuo líquido que contenía colorantes trifenilmetánicos y azóicos, a escala de laboratorio. Inicialmente, se seleccionaron las cepas con menor efecto antagónico y se determinó su potencial para producir las enzimas Lacasa, Manganeso Peroxidasa y Lignino Peroxidasa, al emplear sustratos inductores y mezclas de colorantes. Para el consorcio fúngico/bacteriano la disminución de las unidades de color y demanda química de oxígeno fueron del 99 % y 70 % a las 96 h. La remoción de estos parámetros se relacionó con la interacción positiva e incremento de las poblaciones de hongos, bacterias y la producción de enzimas ligninolíticas, obteniendo valores a las 96 h de 7.0 y 14.0 unidades logarítmicas para hongos y bacterias, con unas actividades enzimáticas de 75 U/L, 205 U/L y 0.63 U/L para Lacasa, MnP y LiP, respectivamente. Con el presente trabajo se demostró que con el uso consorcios fúngicos/bacterianos se incrementa la remoción de colorantes y se disminuye el tiempo de proceso. Sugiriendo que estos microorganismos podrían ser evaluados en plantas de tratamiento que integren diferentes unidades de tratamiento para optimizar la remoción de contaminantes con baja biodegradabilidad.

ABSTRACT The liquid wastes generated when biological stains are prepared, contain a mixture of chemical compounds and microorganisms, with high environmental impact. For this reason, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, Enterobacter xianfangensis, Pseudomonas azotoformans, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, were used to evaluate the treatment of a liquid waste containing triphenylmethane and azo dyes, on a laboratory scale. Initially, the strains with less antagonistic effect among them were selected for their potential to produce enzymes as Laccase, Manganese Peroxidase and Lignin Peroxidase. The enzymatic activity was determined by using inducing substrates and dye mixtures. For fungal/bacterial consortium, the decrease in color, Chemical Oxygen Demand and in Biochemical Oxygen demand was of 99 %, 70 % and 65 % at 96 h, respectively. The removal of these parameters was related to the positive interaction between the populations of fungi, bacteria and the production of ligninolytic enzymes, obtaining values of 7.0 and 14.0 logarithmic units for fungi and total bacteria at 96 h with enzymatic activities of 75 U/ L, 205 U/L and 0.63 U/L for Laccase, MnP and LiP. The present work demonstrates that using of fungal/bacterial consortia, the removal of dyes is increased, and the process time is decreased. Suggesting that these microorganisms could be evaluated in treatment plants that integrate different treatment units to optimize the removal of contaminants with low biodegradability.

In vitro biological control of Ceratobasidium ramicola by using tannin extracts from Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium, and Calliandra calothyrsus leaves / Controle biológico in vitro de Ceratobasidium ramicola usando extratos tânicos de folhas de Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium e Calliandra calothyrsus

Abstract Ceratobasidium ramicola is a fitopathogenic fungus that harmful and causes various levels of damage on several types of forestry and horticultural crops. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium and Calliandra calothyrsus leaf extracts as tannin sources related to the in vitro inhibition of Ceratobasidium ramicola growth. The in vitro inhibition was performed by employing solid potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium to obtain the radial inhibition, while liquid potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium was used to obtain the biomass inhibition. Experimental design was based on in time nested-completely randomized design and statistical analysis was carried out with SAS software version 9.1. The result of radial growth inhibition of Ceratobasidium ramicola showed that tannin extracts of A. mangium and M. Fragrans were not significantly different to each other. Treatment of tannin extracts from A. villosa, M. fragrans, A. mangium and C. Calothyrsus with a concentration of 1% were significantly different with other concentrations and resulted the greatest inhibition values. Tannin extract of A. Mangium at 1% concentration produced the greatest radial inhibition by 33.2%. In most cases, the effective inhibition from tannin extract occurred at the 24h of incubation. The greatest biomass inhibition was produced on 1% tannin extract of A. mangium by 64.3%, while the lowest was produced from 1% tannin extract of M. fragrans by 27.0%.

Resumo Ceratobasidium ramicola é um fungo fitopatogênico prejudicial que causa vários danos em diversas culturas florestais e agrícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o efeito dos extratos de folhas de Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium e Calliandra calothyrsus como fontes de tanino relacionadas à inibição do crescimento in vitro de Ceratobasidium ramicola. A inibição in vitro foi realizada empregando o meio de ágar batata dextrose para obter a inibição radial, enquanto o meio de caldo de batata dextrose líquido foi usado para obter a inibição da biomassa. O projeto experimental foi fundamentado in time. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, e a análise estatística foi realizada com o software SAS, versão 9.1. O resultado da inibição do crescimento radial de Ceratobasidium ramicola mostrou que os extratos de tanino de A. mangium e M. fragrans não diferiram significativamente entre si. Os tratamentos de extratos de tanino de A. villosa, M. fragrans, A. mangium e C. Calothyrsus, utilizando uma concentração de 1%, foram significativamente diferentes em comparação com outras concentrações e resultaram em maiores valores de inibição. O extrato de tanino de A. mangium a 1% de concentração produziu a maior inibição radial, com taxa de 33,2%. Na maioria dos casos, a inibição efetiva do extrato de tanino ocorreu em 24 horas de incubação. A maior inibição de biomassa foi produzida em 1% de extrato de tanino de A. Mangium, com taxa de 64,3%, enquanto a menor foi produzida a partir de 1% de extrato de tanino de M. fragrans, com taxa de 27%.

Colombian consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Candida Spp. disease in children and adults, / Consenso Colombiano Para el Diagnóstico, Tratamiento y Prevención de la Enfermedad por Candida Spp. en Niños y Adultos

Invasive Candidiasis (IC) and candidemia (as its most frequent manifestation) have become the main cause of opportunistic mycosis at hospital settings. This study, made by members of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), was aimed at providing a set of recommendations for the management, follow-up and prevention of IC / candidemia and mucous membrane candida infection in adult, pediatric and neonatal patients in a hospital setting, including the hemato-oncological and critical care units. All the data obtained through an exhaustive search were reviewed and analyzed in a comprehensive manner by all the members of the group, and the recommendations issued are being made after a careful review of the scientific literature available and the consensus of all specialists involved; the emergence of Candida Spp. problem is highlighted and a correct orientation to health professionals regarding the management of patients with candidiasis is provided in a rational and practical way, emphasizing patient evaluation, diagnostic strategies, prophylaxis, empirical treatment, directed treatment and preventative therapy.

La Candidiasis Invasora (CI) y la candidemia, como su manifestación más frecuente, se ha convertido en la principal causa de micosis oportunista a nivel hospitalario. Este manuscrito realizado por miembros de la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN), tuvo como objetivo proporcionar un conjunto de recomendaciones para manejo, seguimiento y prevención de la CI/candidemia y de la infección candidiásica de mucosas, en población adulta, pediátrica y neonatal, en un entorno hospitalario, incluyendo las unidades hemato-oncológicas y unidades de cuidado crítico. Todos los datos obtenidos mediante una búsqueda exhaustiva, fueron revisados y analizados de manera amplia por todos los miembros del grupo, y las recomendaciones emitidas se elaboraron luego de la evaluación de la literatura científica disponible, y el consenso de todos los especialistas involucrados, reconociendo el problema de la emergencia de las infecciones por Candida Spp. y brindando una correcta orientación a los profesionales de la salud sobre el manejo de pacientes con enfermedad candidiásica, de una forma racional y práctica, enfatizando en la evaluación del paciente, estrategias de diagnóstico, profilaxis, tratamiento empírico, tratamiento dirigido y terapia preventiva.

Growth modeling to control (in vitro) Fusarium verticillioides and Rhizopus stolonifer with thymol and carvacrol / Modelización del crecimiento in vitro para controlar Fusarium verticillioides y Rhizopus stolonifer con timol y carvacrol

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity (in vitro) of thymol and carvacrol alone or in mixtures against Fusarium verticillioides and Rhizopus stolonifer, and to obtain primary growth models. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated with fungal radial growth with thymol or carvacrol concentrations (0-1600mg/l). Mixtures were evaluated using concentrations below MIC values. Radial growth curves were described by the modified Gompertz equation. MIC values of carvacrol were 200mg/l for both fungi. Meanwhile, MIC values of thymol were between 500 and 400mg/l for F verticillioides and R. stolonifer, respectively. A synergistic effect below MIC concentrations for carvacrol (100mg/l) and thymol (100-375 mg/l) was observed. Significant differences (p <0.05) between the Gompertz parameters for the antimicrobial concentrations and their tested mixtures established an inverse relationship between antimicrobial concentration and mycelial development of both fungi. Modified Gompertz parameters can be useful to determine fungistatic concentrations.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro del timol y del carvacrol, solos o en mezclas, contra Fusarium verticillioides y Rhizopus stolonifer, y obtener modelos primarios de crecimiento. Se evaluó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) con el crecimiento radial, se ensayaron concentraciones de timol y carvacrol de 0 a 1.600 mg/l. Las mezclas se evaluaron utilizando concentraciones por debajo de los valores de CIM. Las curvas de crecimiento radial fueron descritas por la ecuación de Gompertz modificada. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores de CIM: carvacrol, 200 mg/l para las 2 especies; timol, 500 mg/l y 400 mg/l para F. verticillioides y R. stolonifer, respectivamente. Se observó un efecto sinèrgico a concentraciones inferiores a las CIM para el carvacrol (100mg/l) y el timol (100-375 mg/l). Hubo diferencias significativas (p <0,05) entre los parámetros de crecimiento de Gompertz; se estableció que existe una relación inversa entre la concentración de los antimicrobianos y el desarrollo del micelio de ambos hongos.

Tolerance to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) by filamentous fungi isolated from contaminated sediment in the Amazon region / Tolerância a Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) por fungos filamentosos isolados de sedimentos contaminados da região Amazônica

Tolerance to Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Aromatic (PAHs) is considered an important characteristic when assessing the bioremediation potential of microorganisms. Given this, the objective of this research was to assay filamentous fungi from the Amazon region, isolated from sediments with differents levels of contamination by PAHs, for tolerance to phenanthrene and pyrene. To achieve this, fungal cultures plugs (5 mm), obtained after 7 days growth, were transferred to petri dishes containing 20% Sabouraud dextrose agar medium, after surface innoculation with phenanthrene and pyrene crystals, separately. Radial mycelial growth was evaluated after 10 days at five different concentration levels for each contaminant and control group, all in triplicate for each treatment. Fungal growth and growth inhibition rates were calculated. The average growth of the colonies in each treatment was compared with one-way ANOVA, followed by a Tukey Test (p < 0,05). All fungi showed tolerant to phenanthrene and pyrene. However, Hypoxylon sp. showed the lowest growth inhibition rate and average growth rates significantly different of the other six tested species. Hypoxylon sp. has been shown to be a promising genetic resource for use in new studies of PAHs degradation.

A tolerância a Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromática (HPAs) é considerada como uma característica importante na avaliação do potencial de micro-organismos para biorremediação. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar fungos filamentosos da região amazônica, isolados de sedimentos com diferentes níveis de contaminação por HPAs, quanto à tolerância ao fenantreno e pireno. Para tanto, discos das culturas fúngicas (5 mm), obtidas após 7 dias de crescimento, foram transferidas para placas de Petri contendo meio Agar Sabouraud Dextrose a 20%, após inoculação superficial com cristais de fenantreno e pireno, separadamente. O crescimento micelial radial foi avaliado após 10 dias em cinco concentrações diferentes para cada contaminante e grupo controle, ambos em triplicata para cada tratamento. As taxas de crescimento fúngico e de inibição de crescimento foram calculadas. O crescimento médio das colônias em cada tratamento foi comparado com ANOVA one way, seguido pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Todos os fungos mostraram tolerância ao fenantreno e ao pireno. No entanto, Hypoxylon sp. apresentou menor taxa de inibição de crescimento e taxas médias de crescimento significativamente diferentes das outras seis espécies testadas. Hypoxylon sp. tem se mostrado um recurso genético promissor para uso em novos estudos sobre degradação de HPAs.

In vitro biological control of Ceratobasidium ramicola by using tannin extracts from Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium, and Calliandra calothyrsus leaves

Abstract Ceratobasidium ramicola is a fitopathogenic fungus that harmful and causes various levels of damage on several types of forestry and horticultural crops. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium and Calliandra calothyrsus leaf extracts as tannin sources related to the in vitro inhibition of Ceratobasidium ramicola growth. The in vitro inhibition was performed by employing solid potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium to obtain the radial inhibition, while liquid potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium was used to obtain the biomass inhibition. Experimental design was based on in time nested-completely randomized design and statistical analysis was carried out with SAS software version 9.1. The result of radial growth inhibition of Ceratobasidium ramicola showed that tannin extracts of A. mangium and M. Fragrans were not significantly different to each other. Treatment of tannin extracts from A. villosa, M. fragrans, A. mangium and C. Calothyrsus with a concentration of 1% were significantly different with other concentrations and resulted the greatest inhibition values. Tannin extract of A. Mangium at 1% concentration produced the greatest radial inhibition by 33.2%. In most cases, the effective inhibition from tannin extract occurred at the 24h of incubation. The greatest biomass inhibition was produced on 1% tannin extract of A. mangium by 64.3%, while the lowest was produced from 1% tannin extract of M. fragrans by 27.0%.

Resumo Ceratobasidium ramicola é um fungo fitopatogênico prejudicial que causa vários danos em diversas culturas florestais e agrícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o efeito dos extratos de folhas de Acacia villosa, Myristica fragrans, Acacia mangium e Calliandra calothyrsus como fontes de tanino relacionadas à inibição do crescimento in vitro de Ceratobasidium ramicola. A inibição in vitro foi realizada empregando o meio de ágar batata dextrose para obter a inibição radial, enquanto o meio de caldo de batata dextrose líquido foi usado para obter a inibição da biomassa. O projeto experimental foi fundamentado in time. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, e a análise estatística foi realizada com o software SAS, versão 9.1. O resultado da inibição do crescimento radial de Ceratobasidium ramicola mostrou que os extratos de tanino de A. mangium e M. fragrans não diferiram significativamente entre si. Os tratamentos de extratos de tanino de A. villosa, M. fragrans, A. mangium e C. Calothyrsus, utilizando uma concentração de 1%, foram significativamente diferentes em comparação com outras concentrações e resultaram em maiores valores de inibição. O extrato de tanino de A. mangium a 1% de concentração produziu a maior inibição radial, com taxa de 33,2%. Na maioria dos casos, a inibição efetiva do extrato de tanino ocorreu em 24 horas de incubação. A maior inibição de biomassa foi produzida em 1% de extrato de tanino de A. Mangium, com taxa de 64,3%, enquanto a menor foi produzida a partir de 1% de extrato de tanino de M. fragrans, com taxa de 27%.

Laringitis fúngica en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Fungal laryngitis in immunocompetent patients

Introducción: La laringitis fúngica es una patología poco planteada en pacientes inmunocompetentes, sin embargo se debería tener en consideración en el diagnóstico diferencial de leucoplaquias en estos pacientes, más aún con factores predisponentes como reflujo faringolaríngeo, tabaquismo crónico y/o uso de corticoides. Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos de pacientes inmunocompetentes con diagnóstico clínico de laringitis fúngica y tratamiento antimicótico empírico. Describir la asociación con factores predisponentes claves. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a 11 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de laringitis fúngica por correlación de la clínica, factores predisponentes y hallazgos en la videoestroboscopía laríngea (leucoplaquias múltiples en los pliegues vocales) sumado a la respuesta a tratamiento empírico con fluconazol oral. Se realizó además una revisión de la literatura disponible hasta el año 2015. Resultados: Todos los diagnósticos fueron clínicos correlacionando síntomas con hallazgo de leucoplaquias características en la laringe. El principal factor asociado fue el reflujo faringolaríngeo (91%) seguido por uso de corticoides (55%). Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con un esquema empírico de fluconazol oral por 14-21 días. El 100% de los pacientes respondió de forma exitosa al uso de este fármaco con remisión de los síntomas y de las lesiones laríngeas. Conclusión: El diagnóstico clínico y tratamiento con fluconazol oral como tratamiento de primera línea generarían buena tasa de respuesta, siempre que se correlacionen los síntomas y signos del paciente con los hallazgos encontrados en la laringe.

Introduction: The fungal laryngitis is an unusual disease in immunocompetent patients, however should take into consideration in the differential diagnosis of leukoplakias, especially in patients with predisposing factors such as pharyngolaryngeal reflux, use of inhaled, oral or intravenous corticosteroids. Aim: Describe a series of cases of fungal laryngitis in immunocompetent patients with clinical diagnosis and empirical antifungal treatment. In addition, finding the association with predisposing factors keys. Material and method: Retrospective study of 11 patients with diagnosis of fungal laryngitis according to clinical presentation, predisposing factors and findings in the laryngeal videostroboscopy (vocal folds leukoplakias) joined the response to empirical treatment with oral fluconazole. Also an extensive literature review was conducted until 2015. Results: The main predisposing factor was the pharyngolaryngeal reflux (91%) followed by use of corticosteroids (55%). All patients were treated empirically with fluconazole for 14-21 days. 100% of patients responded successfully, with remission of symptoms and laryngeal lesions. Conclusion: Clinical diagnosis and treatment with fluconazole as first-line treatment generate good response rate, provided that the patient's symptoms and signs with the findings in the larynx are correlated.

Efectos de la temperatura, la actividad de agua y el tiempo de incubación en el crecimiento fúngico y la producción de aflatoxina B1 por aislados toxicogénicos de Aspergillus flavus en sorgo / Effects of temperature, water activity and incubation time on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production by toxinogenic Aspergillus flavus isolates on sorghum seeds

Sorghum, which is consumed in Tunisia as human food, suffers from severe colonization by several toxigenic fungi and contamination by mycotoxins. The Tunisian climate is characterized by high temperature and humidity that stimulates mold proliferation and mycotoxin accumulation in foodstuffs. This study investigated the effects of temperature (15, 25 and 37 °C), water activity (a w, between 0.85 and 0.99) and incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28 d) on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by three Aspergillus flavus isolates (8, 10 and 14) inoculated on sorghum grains. The Baranyi model was applied to identify the limits of growth and mycotoxin production. Maximum diameter growth rates were observed at 0.99 a w at 37 °C for two of the isolates. The minimum a w needed for mycelial growth was 0.91 at 25 and 37 °C. At 15 °C, only isolate 8 grew at 0.99 a w. Aflatoxin B1 accumulation could be avoided by storing sorghum at low water activity levels (≤0.91 a w). Aflatoxin production was not observed at 15 °C. This is the first work on the effects of water activity and temperature on A. flavus growth and AFB1 production by A. flavus isolates on sorghum grains.

El sorgo, que se consume en Túnez como alimento humano, puede sufrir la colonización severa de varios hongos toxicogénicos, con la consiguiente bioacumulación de micotoxinas. Además, el clima de Túnez, caracterizado por las altas temperaturas y humedad, estimula el crecimiento fúngico y la acumulación de micotoxinas en los productos alimenticios. Este estudio investigó los efectos de la temperatura (15, 25 y 37 °C), la actividad de agua (a w) (entre 0,85 y 0,99) y el tiempo de incubación (7, 14, 21 y 28 días) sobre el crecimiento y la producción de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) de 3 aislados de Aspergillus flavus (designados como 8, 10 y 14) que se inocularon sobre granos de sorgo. El modelo Baranyi se aplicó para identificar los límites del crecimiento y la producción de micotoxinas. Las tasas máximas de crecimiento para 2 de los aislados se observaron en la combinación 0,99 a w y 37 °C. La a w mínima necesaria para el crecimiento del micelio fue de 0,91 a 25 °C y 37 °C. A 15 °C, solo el aislado 8 creció a 0,99 a w, pero fue incapaz de producir la aflatoxina B1. Es posible evitar la acumulación de aflatoxina B1 en el sorgo almacenándolo a baja actividad de agua (≤ 0,91 a w). Este es el primer trabajo que ha estudiado el efecto de la actividad del agua y la temperatura sobre el crecimiento de aislados de A. flavus y su producción de aflatoxina B1 en granos de sorgo.

Allelopathic effects of pathogenic fungi on weed plants of soybean and corn crops / Alelopatia de fungos fitopatogênicos sobre plantas invasoras da cultura da soja e milho

The herbicides application can be reduced with alternative methods, as pathogenic fungi use, that produces several secondary compounds in growth medium, which has phytotoxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the allelopathic activity of culture filtrate produced by pathogenic fungi: Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina Fusarium graminearum and Diplodia maydis, on germination and development of horseweed (Conyza canadensis), hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) and wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla). This effect was also tested on soybean and corn crops. The experimental design was completely randomized with twenty treatments (four filtrates of fungi culture, with 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% concentrations) and four replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. The results indicated that filtered of Fusarium solani culture presented a negative effect on horseweed, hairy beggarticks and wild poinsettia without affecting negatively soybeans crop. Diplodia maydis provided some reduction on horseweed and wild poinsettia growth without causing damage to maize crop.The while Macrophomina phaseolina filtrate decreased a seedlings growth of wild poinsettia without affecting negatively corn. This suggests filtrates can be used to control weeds in a sustainable ecological way as well as an alternative to reduce herbicides application, thus, protecting the environment.

O uso de herbicidas pode ser reduzido com a utilização de controles alternativos, como emprego de fungos fitopatogênicos que produzem compostos secundários em meio de cultivo, os quais apresentam atividade fitotóxica. Objetiva-se por este trabalho caracterizar a atividade alelopática do filtrado de cultura produzido pelos fungos fitopatogênicos Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium graminearum e Diplodia maydis sobre a germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de buva (Conyza canadensis), picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e amendoim bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla), também foi testado este efeito sobre as plantas cultivadas soja e milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com vinte tratamentos (quatro filtrados de cultura, nas concentrações 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) e quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Os resultados indicaram que o filtrado de cultura de Fusarium solani apresentou efeitos negativos sobre buva, picão-preto e amendoim bravo sem afetar negativamente a soja. Diplodia maydis proporcionou redução de crescimento de buva e amendoim bravo sem causar prejuízo à cultura do milho. Também, o filtrado de Macrophomina phaseolina diminuiu o crescimento de plântulas de amendoim bravo sem afetar negativamente o milho, sugerindo que esses filtrados possam ser utilizados para controle das plantas invasoras em questão como alternativa na redução da aplicação de herbicidas e proteção ao ambiente.

Evaluación del crecimiento micelial de cepas nativas de Agrocybe cylindracea (DC. Fr) Maire, en diferentes medios de cultivo y pH / Mycelial body growt evaluation of Agrocybe cylindracea native strains (DC. Fr) Maire in different culture media and pH

Agrocybe cylandracea es un hongo que se consume en el municipio de Técpan Guatemala, Chimaltennago, San Juan Ostuncalco, Quetzaltenango y las aldeas Escuachil y Vista Hermosa de San Antonio Sacatepéquez, San Marcos. En la presente investigación se utilizaron cinco cepas guatemaltecas de A. cylindracea determinándose la morfología colonial y el crecimiento micelial en diferentes medios de cultivo y pH, para obtener la mejor condición en su cultivo a nivel de laboratorio como paso previo a la obtención de biomasa fúngica, producción de inóculo y cuerpos fructíferos. Se determinó que todas las colonias de las cepas evaluadas mostraron las características morfológicas reportadas en la literatura para A. cylandracea (con excepción de la cantidad de micelio aéreo el cual fue abundante) en todos los medios y pH estudiados...

Obstrução nasal por granuloma fúngico em eqüino: relato de caso / Nasal obstruction caused by fungal granuloma in a horse: case report

Um eqüino de nove anos de idade apresentou ausência de ar expirado e secreção serossanguinolenta na narina direita, associado a ruído respiratório. Os exames endoscópico e radiológico mostraram uma formação de aproximadamente seis centímetros de diâmetro recoberta por mucosa amarelada, que obstruía a cavidade nasal direita e insinuava-se para a cavidade nasal esquerda. Tal massa foi ressecada por meio de sinusotomia frontal direita. O exame histológico e a cultura revelaram lesão granulomatosa causada por fungos. O tratamento pós-operatório compreendeu associação de antibiótico e antiinflamatório, assim como de lavagens com água destilada e chá de camomila.

A 9-year-old horse presented serosanguineous nasal discharge, absence of breath out through the right nostril, and respiratory noise. Endoscopic and radiographic exams revealed a six centimeter diameter mass, covered by yellowish mucosa, which was obstructing the entire right nasal cavity and part of the left one. The mass was excised through a right frontal sinusotomy. The microscopic exam and the culture revealed a fungic granulomatous rhinitis. Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were postoperatively administered; moreover, camomile tea and distilled water were flushed in a drain placed above the bone flap.

Comparación de métodos de extracción de ADN de sangre para detectar ADN fúngico por PCR / Comparison of different methods of DNA extraction from blood to detect fungal DNA by PCR

La infección fúngica invasora (IFI) está asociada a un alto índice de mortalidad, que alcanza el 50% debido a la frecuente falla en el tratamiento antifúngico. Existen dificultades para realizar un diagnóstico micológico rápido y certero dada la baja sensibilidad de los métodos convencionales, especialmente en pacientes neutropénicos y con SIDA. Numerosos métodos para diagnosticar infecciones micóticas basados en el estudio del ADN fúngico están actualmente en desarrollo. Nosotros evaluamos la utilidad de dos procedimientos de extracción y purificación del ADN fúngico presente en sangre para su posterior detección por PCR. Ambos métodos resultaron igualmente eficientes para obtener ADNs de óptima calidad y para realizar la técnica de PCR con los iniciadores universales para hongos ITS 1 e ITS 4.

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are associated with high mortality by reaching levels of 50%, and also with a significant failure in antifungical treatments. This fact mostly obeys to difficulties in obtaining a fast and accurate mycologic diagnosis due to the low sensitivity of conventional methods, mainly in neutropenic and AIDS patients. Various methods based on fungal DNA study are currently being used for the diagnosis of mycotic infections. We herein evaluated two procedures of extraction and purification of fungal DNA in blood for their use in PCR detection. Both of them showed equal efficiency in obtaining high performance DNA with universal primers ITS 1and ITS 4 as target.